{"id":5303,"date":"2022-01-14T13:22:56","date_gmt":"2022-01-14T10:22:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/?p=5303"},"modified":"2022-01-14T14:18:31","modified_gmt":"2022-01-14T11:18:31","slug":"turkiyede-denizler-oluyor-balik-turleri-yok-oluyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/?p=5303","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye’de denizler \u00f6l\u00fcyor, bal\u0131k t\u00fcrleri yok oluyor"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ziraat M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’de bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n durumu ve bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir rapor yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Yay\u0131nlanan rapor T\u00fcrkiye’nin denizel biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir krizle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuzu, art\u0131k denizlerimizde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen baz\u0131 bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra mevcut bal\u0131k pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n da yokolma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu bir kez daha g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n

Marmara Denizi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye’nin t\u00fcm denizlerinde kirlilik, yetersiz koruma \u00f6nlemleri, kontrols\u00fcz avc\u0131l\u0131k, planlama, \u00a0denetim ve y\u00f6netim eksikliklerinden dolay\u0131 yo\u011fun bak\u0131m\u00a0<\/strong>ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funu vurgulayan raporda T\u00fcrkiye’de bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da yokolu\u015fun e\u015fi\u011fine geldi\u011fi belirtildi.<\/p>\n

Marmara Denizi’nin art\u0131k kritik e\u015fikte oldu\u011funu vurgulayan Ziraat M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131, yap\u0131lacak koruma ve sa\u011falt\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015feffaf y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini, uzmanlar ve ilgili di\u011fer sivil birimlerle halk\u0131n kat\u0131labilece\u011fi izleme organizasyonlar\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Raporun tam metni \u015fu \u015fekilde:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00dcRK\u0130YE DEN\u0130ZLER\u0130NDE BALIK\u00c7ILIK YO\u011eUN BAKIMA ALINMALIDIR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilimsel veri analizi ve y\u00f6netimi yerine g\u00fcndelik kararlarla y\u00f6netilen bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, denizel biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fimiz ve halk\u0131n tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ifade etti\u011fi, art\u0131k denizlerimizde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen baz\u0131 bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kalan bal\u0131k pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131m\u0131z da yok olma tehlikesi<\/strong> alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Deniz ekosistemimiz kirlilik, yetersiz koruma \u00f6nlemleri, planlama, kontrol, denetim ve y\u00f6netim eksikliklerinden dolay\u0131 \u2018Yo\u011fun Bak\u0131m\u2019a <\/strong>ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 besin kayna\u011f\u0131 olan bal\u0131keti halk i\u00e7in eri\u015filebilir olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. B\u00f6yle giderse; bundan b\u00f6yle bal\u0131keti l\u00fcks t\u00fcketim maddesidir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

BALIK\u00c7ILIK SORUNLARIMIZ<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, ba\u015fta tuzluluk de\u011feri olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ekolojik \u00f6zellikleri olan d\u00f6rt denize, 8333 km deniz k\u0131y\u0131 uzunlu\u011funa ve t\u00fcketime uygun ticari bal\u0131k \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine sahiptir. Bununla beraber denizlerimizi ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, deniz ekosisteminin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini temel alan bir anlay\u0131\u015fla y\u00f6netemiyoruz.<\/p>\n

Denizlerimizde ve i\u00e7sular\u0131m\u0131zda ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n biyolojik \u00f6zelliklerini, zamana ve mek\u00e2na ba\u011fl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 ile miktarlar\u0131na dair sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 veriler olmadan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k politikalar\u0131 geli\u015ftirilemez.<\/p>\n

Stoklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, av filomuzu ve yeti\u015fmi\u015f e\u011fitimli insan kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 do\u011fru y\u00f6netebiliyor muyuz? Denizlerimizi ve onlara akan akarsular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kirleten kaynaklara \u2018\u0130leri Ar\u0131tma\u2019 zorunlulu\u011fu ve ar\u0131t\u0131lmadan veya yar\u0131 ar\u0131t\u0131larak \u2018Derin Deniz De\u015farj\u0131n\u0131\u2019 durduracak irade neden g\u00f6sterilmiyor?<\/p>\n

15 Nisan 2021 itibari ile denizlerimizde toplam av\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %90\u2019n\u0131 avlayan end\u00fcstriyel bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sezonu 1 Eyl\u00fcl 2021 ak\u015fam\u0131na kadar kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ge\u00e7en av sezonunda T\u00fcrkiye bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k tarihinde uzun s\u00fcredir g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bir durum meydana gelmi\u015f ve en \u00f6nemli ticari t\u00fcr olan hamsi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sezon ortas\u0131nda durdurulmu\u015ftu. Buna gerek\u00e7e olarak avlanan hamsilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun boylar\u0131n\u0131n ticari olarak ilk avlanabilir boy de\u011ferinin alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f; palamut, l\u00fcfer, vd. baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin de yasal av boylar\u0131 ve stok durumlar\u0131 ulusal medyan\u0131n haberlerinde g\u00fcndem olu\u015fturmu\u015ftu. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri stoklar\u0131n\u0131n kendini yenileyebilme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde avlanmas\u0131, yani A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi<\/strong> durumu, uzun zamand\u0131r, kamu kurumlar\u0131 ile kamuoyu taraf\u0131ndan sorgulanmas\u0131 gerekirken, halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015fabildi\u011fi nispeten ucuz bir t\u00fcr olan hamsi avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131 ile ancak g\u00fcndeme gelebilmi\u015fti. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n durumu hamsi \u00f6zelinde bilim camias\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kamuoyu taraf\u0131ndan da ger\u00e7ek anlamda sorgulan\u0131r hale gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 Veriler Olmadan Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Politikalar\u0131 Geli\u015ftirilemez<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stoklar\u0131n durumu de\u011ferlendirilirken ilk akla gelen g\u00f6sterge \u2018Toplam Av Miktar\u0131\u2019<\/strong> olmaktad\u0131r. 1950\u2019den 2019\u2019a kadar denizlerimizden elde edilen Toplam Av Miktar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde, mevcut av miktar\u0131 grafi\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 1980\u2019lerin sonunda 600 bin tonlar\u0131 ge\u00e7en Toplam Av Miktar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar bir daha o rakamlara ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u015eekil 1). Ancak, Toplam Av Miktar\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na stoklar\u0131n durumunu anlamak i\u00e7in yeterli bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek de\u011fildir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u2018\u00dcreyen Stok Miktar\u0131\u2019 ve \u2018Birim \u00c7aba Ba\u015f\u0131na D\u00fc\u015fen Av Miktar\u0131\u2019 gibi di\u011fer \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7ekler de dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ait \u00fcretim verileri, denize k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 olan 28 ilde T\u00dc\u0130K ve Tar\u0131m ve Orman Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan anketlerle, b\u00fcy\u00fck bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lardan ayl\u0131k olarak tam say\u0131m y\u00f6ntemi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lardan ise y\u0131lda iki defa \u00f6rnekleme y\u00f6ntemi ile derlenmektedir. <\/strong>Anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, av miktarlar\u0131 bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n herhangi bir resmi evrakl\u0131 ispat\u0131 ile de\u011fil y\u00fcz y\u00fcze anket y\u00f6ntemiyle belirlenmektedir. \u00d6zetle, do\u011fal bir kayna\u011f\u0131n avc\u0131l\u0131k miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterge olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir sistemde denizel stoklardan \u00e7ekilen miktar\u0131n anketle belirlenmesi \u201cS\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u201d a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m de\u011fildir. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Maksimum S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Verim Seviyesi A\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k bilimi, ticari bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k filosu taraf\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015f bir bal\u0131k stoku ilk kez avland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Av Veriminin\/\u00dcretimin, ilk ba\u015flarda artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve uygun (optimum) bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k bask\u0131s\u0131 seviyesinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilen en y\u00fcksek avlanma seviyesinin yani “Maksimum S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Verimin (MSV) (Maximum Sustainable Yield-MSY)” kesinlikle a\u015f\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir. Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k bask\u0131s\u0131 bu seviyenin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karsa, av miktar\u0131 ve biyok\u00fctle azalmaya, avlanan t\u00fcrlerin boy de\u011ferlerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flar. Bilimin tavsiye etti\u011fi t\u00fcr baz\u0131nda MSV seviyelerine uygun avlanma miktarlar\u0131, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6neticileri\/karar vericiler i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli referans noktas\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan dikkate al\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1. 1950-2019 Y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Denizlerimizden Avlanan Toplam Av Miktar\u0131 De\u011fi\u015fimleri.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ticari T\u00fcrlerin Yar\u0131s\u0131ndan Fazlas\u0131n\u0131n Stoklar\u0131 Tehlikededir<\/strong><\/p>\n

Somut olarak, yak\u0131n zamanda yay\u0131nlanan bir bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6re1<\/sup><\/strong>, denizlerimizdeki 54 ticari stokun (omurgal\u0131 ve omurgas\u0131z t\u00fcrler) %85\u2019inin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avlanm\u0131\u015f durumda oldu\u011fu, Marmara Denizi\u2019nde yaln\u0131zca sardalya (Sardina pilchardus<\/em>) ve istavrit (Trachurus mediterraneus<\/em>) t\u00fcrlerinin stoklar\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 avlanmaya maruz kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Karadeniz\u2019de ise sadece \u00e7a\u00e7a (Sprattus sprattus<\/em>) sto\u011funun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve maksimum s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretmeye elveri\u015fli durumda oldu\u011fu belirlenmi\u015ftir. 1967-2016 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki av verileri kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lan bir di\u011fer bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya g\u00f6reyse2<\/sup><\/strong>, Karadeniz\u2019de de\u011ferlendirilebilecek 55 ticari t\u00fcrden 17\u2019sinin art\u0131k yok oldu\u011fu ve 17 t\u00fcr\u00fcn ise ticari olarak soyunun t\u00fckenmi\u015f (av verimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck) olma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yani art\u0131k denizlerimizdeki bu t\u00fcrlerden bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n avlayabilece\u011fi miktarlarda bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir (Tablo 1). Bu nedenle ticari olarak avlanan t\u00fcrlerin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n stoklar\u0131 tehlikededir.<\/strong> Marmara Denizi\u2019nde durum daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcd\u00fcr, 19 adet yok olmu\u015f t\u00fcr ve ticari olarak soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f 22 t\u00fcr (ticari t\u00fcrlerin %56\u2019s\u0131) bulunmaktad\u0131r (Tablo 2).<\/p>\n

Tablo 1.<\/strong> 1967 ve 2016 av miktarlar\u0131 (ton) kullan\u0131larak 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Karadeniz i\u00e7in ticari olarak nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f (CE) t\u00fcrlerin listesi ve y\u00fczde oranlar\u0131 (Ulman ve di\u011f., 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1967<\/strong><\/td>\n2016<\/strong><\/td>\n%D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f<\/strong><\/td>\nLatince ad\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.455,10<\/td>\n0,50<\/td>\n99,97<\/td>\nUmbrina cirrosa<\/em><\/td>\nMinakop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.387,20<\/td>\n4,20<\/td>\n99,82<\/td>\nChelidonichthys lucerna<\/em><\/td>\nK\u0131rlang\u0131\u00e7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
463,40<\/td>\n0,90<\/td>\n99,81<\/td>\nDiplodus annularis<\/em><\/td>\n\u0130spari<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
272,90<\/td>\n0,70<\/td>\n99,74<\/td>\nDiplodus vulgaris<\/em><\/td>\nKarag\u00f6z<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.064,00<\/td>\n6,50<\/td>\n99,69<\/td>\nMytilus galloprovincialis<\/em><\/td>\nKara midye<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.682,00<\/td>\n10,90<\/td>\n99,35<\/td>\nRaja clavata<\/em><\/td>\nVatoz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.408,00<\/td>\n14,60<\/td>\n98,96<\/td>\nSpicara smaris<\/em><\/td>\n\u0130zmarit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
507,90<\/td>\n6,50<\/td>\n98,72<\/td>\nScomber scombrus<\/em><\/td>\nUskumru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65,70<\/td>\n0,90<\/td>\n98,63<\/td>\nSciaena umbra<\/em><\/td>\nE\u015fkine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168,30<\/td>\n5,10<\/td>\n96,97<\/td>\nGobiidae<\/td>\nKayabal\u0131klar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
17.403,00<\/td>\n685,70<\/td>\n96,06<\/td>\nTrachurus mediterraneus<\/em><\/td>\n\u0130stavrit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
223,00<\/td>\n17,80<\/td>\n92,02<\/td>\nSolea solea – <\/em>Platichthys<\/em> flesus<\/em><\/td>\nDil-pisi bal\u0131klar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
403,00<\/td>\n37,60<\/td>\n90,67<\/td>\nScorpaena porcus<\/em><\/td>\nLipsoz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.528,50<\/td>\n199,70<\/td>\n86,93<\/td>\nScophthalmus maximus<\/em><\/td>\nKalkan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23,90<\/td>\n3,80<\/td>\n84,10<\/td>\nSparus aurata<\/em><\/td>\n\u00c7ipura<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.529,00<\/td>\n586,60<\/td>\n83,32<\/td>\nAlosa pontica<\/em><\/td>\nTirsi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.018,30<\/td>\n570,60<\/td>\n81,10<\/td>\nMugilidae<\/td>\nKefal bal\u0131klar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tablo 2.<\/strong> 1967 ve 2016 av miktarlar\u0131 (ton) kullan\u0131larak 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde Marmara Denizi i\u00e7in ticari olarak nesli t\u00fckenmi\u015f (CE) t\u00fcrlerin listesi ve y\u00fczde tutarlar\u0131 (Ulman ve di\u011f., 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
1967<\/strong><\/td>\n2016<\/strong><\/td>\n%D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f<\/strong><\/td>\nLatince ad\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\nT\u00fcrk\u00e7e<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.064,00<\/td>\n0,30<\/td>\n99,99<\/td>\nScomber scombrus<\/em><\/td>\nUskumru<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
85,30<\/td>\n0,10<\/td>\n99,88<\/td>\nXiphias gladius<\/em><\/td>\nK\u0131l\u0131\u00e7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
23,50<\/td>\n0,10<\/td>\n99,57<\/td>\nLoligo vulgaris<\/em><\/td>\nKalamar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16,80<\/td>\n0,10<\/td>\n99,40<\/td>\nGaidropsarus mediterraneus<\/em><\/td>\nGelincik<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13,64<\/td>\n0,10<\/td>\n99,27<\/td>\nSerranus scriba<\/em><\/td>\nYaz\u0131l\u0131hani<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
193,30<\/td>\n1,40<\/td>\n99,28<\/td>\nSparus aurata<\/em><\/td>\n\u00c7ipura<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
84,90<\/td>\n0,70<\/td>\n99,18<\/td>\nHomarus gammarus<\/em><\/td>\nIstakoz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10,20<\/td>\n0,10<\/td>\n99,02<\/td>\nPagrus pagrus<\/em><\/td>\nFangri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
73,60<\/td>\n0,90<\/td>\n98,78<\/td>\nSquatina squatina<\/em><\/td>\nKeler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
65,40<\/td>\n1,10<\/td>\n98,32<\/td>\nDentex dentex<\/em><\/td>\nSinarit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
365,70<\/td>\n7,30<\/td>\n98,00<\/td>\nSqualus acanthias<\/em><\/td>\nMahmuzlu camg\u00f6z<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
185,70<\/td>\n3,90<\/td>\n97,90<\/td>\nMullus barbatus<\/em><\/td>\nBarbunya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
22,70<\/td>\n0,50<\/td>\n97,80<\/td>\nLichia amia<\/em><\/td>\nAkya<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
51,50<\/td>\n1,30<\/td>\n97,48<\/td>\nDiplodus annularis<\/em><\/td>\n\u0130spari<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
180,00<\/td>\n6,60<\/td>\n96,33<\/td>\nPagellus erythrinus<\/em><\/td>\nK\u0131rma mercan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
388,40<\/td>\n18,00<\/td>\n95,37<\/td>\nMytilus galloprovincialis<\/em><\/td>\nKara midye<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
547,30<\/td>\n30,20<\/td>\n94,74<\/td>\nBoops boops<\/em><\/td>\nKupes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
254,00<\/td>\n14,70<\/td>\n94,21<\/td>\nSpicara smaris<\/em><\/td>\n\u0130zmarit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
34,00<\/td>\n2,30<\/td>\n93,24<\/td>\nUmbrina cirrosa<\/em><\/td>\nMinakop<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
21,40<\/td>\n1,60<\/td>\n92,52<\/td>\nOctopus vulgaris<\/em><\/td>\nAhtapot<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
20.181,00<\/td>\n1.923,00<\/td>\n90,47<\/td>\nSarda sarda<\/em><\/td>\nPalamut<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
946,40<\/td>\n133,20<\/td>\n85,93<\/td>\nMugilidae<\/td>\nKefal bal\u0131klar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye Akdeniz Havzas\u0131n\u0131n En B\u00fcy\u00fck Avc\u0131l\u0131k Filosuna Sahiptir<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi Karadeniz ve Marmara Denizi\u2019nin, di\u011fer denizlere dar bir suyoluyla yani T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar Sistemi ile ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu ekosistemlerin yar\u0131 kapal\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle mevcut av filosunun stoklar \u00fczerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k bask\u0131s\u0131na neden oldu\u011fu uzun s\u00fcredir \u00e7e\u015fitli bilimsel ortamlarda dile getirilmektedir. Nitekim FAO veri taban\u0131ndan al\u0131nan bilgiye g\u00f6re3<\/sup><\/strong> Akdeniz Havzas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde gros tonaj (GT) ve motor g\u00fcc\u00fc (kW) bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye en b\u00fcy\u00fck filoya sahip olan \u00fclke konumundad\u0131r, yani bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k g\u00fcc\u00fc en y\u00fcksek \u00fclkedir. Bu da stoklar\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k bask\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu duruma \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak; g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayan\u0131larak 2013 ile 2016 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 4 kez uygulanan tekne geri al\u0131m programlar\u0131na ba\u015fvurabilecek tekne boyu 10 m\u2019ye kadar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve toplamda 1000\u2019in \u00fczerinde teknenin av filosundan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen stoklar \u00fczerinde av bask\u0131s\u0131 azalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Filodan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilen 30 m \u00fczeri tekne say\u0131s\u0131 ise \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r4, 5<\/sup><\/strong>. Daha \u00e7ok at\u0131l gemilerin filodan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle program hedeflerine ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 2. Tonaj ve Motor G\u00fcc\u00fcne G\u00f6re \u00dclkelerin Filo B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130llegal Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fclememi\u015ftir<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki olumsuzluklardan biri olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan illegal bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sorunu ile ilgili olarak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir sivil toplum kurulu\u015fu taraf\u0131ndan 40 indikat\u00f6r kullan\u0131larak belirlenen k\u00fcresel illegal bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k indeksine g\u00f6re6<\/sup><\/strong> T\u00fcrkiye, D\u00fcnya ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n (2,29) \u00fczerinde 2,34 de\u011feri ile 152 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 54. s\u0131rada, Orta Do\u011fuda 15 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 6. s\u0131rada, Akdeniz ve Karadeniz\u2019de ise 26 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 8. s\u0131rada yer almaktad\u0131r. Maalesef, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6netiminde sorumlu otorite illegal bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k konusunda baz\u0131 ad\u0131mlar atmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen sorunu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in radikal kararlar alamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yunuslar Masumdur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131n\u0131n sinyallerinden biri de yunuslar\u0131n bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 a\u011flar\u0131nda yakalanan bal\u0131klar\u0131 yemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131d\u0131r. 2000`lerin sonlar\u0131ndan bu yana yunuslar\u0131n beslenmek i\u00e7in, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ise ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131 azalmakta, yunuslar ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmektedir. Bas\u0131nda yunuslar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 artt\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle bal\u0131k miktar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde yanl\u0131\u015f ve yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde bilim d\u0131\u015f\u0131 haberler yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yunuslar ma\u011fdur ve masumdur.<\/p>\n

Bal\u0131k Stoklar\u0131nda D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k \u00c7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130\u015fsiz B\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cEkosisteme\u201d verilen zarar ekonomiye ve istihdama da zarar vermektedir. Y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde azalan bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131m\u0131zla beraber sekt\u00f6rde istihdam edilen personel say\u0131s\u0131nda da azalmalar meydana gelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130statistik Kurumu (T\u00dc\u0130K) resmi verilerine g\u00f6re 2006 ile 2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 17.621 ki\u015fi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u015eekil 3). Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok sekt\u00f6rden ayr\u0131lan grup ise 15.345 ki\u015fi ile \u00fccretli tayfa<\/em> olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015filerdir. Bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131nda devam eden azal\u0131\u015f nedeniyle ge\u00e7imini bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yoluyla sa\u011flayan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar ve aileleri gelir kay\u0131plar\u0131 ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu durum nedeniyle bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k i\u015f kolundan ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avlanabilir su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri stoklar\u0131m\u0131zdaki azal\u0131\u015f devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcrece istihdam oranlar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler de devam edecektir. Yak\u0131n gelecekte bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k filomuzun tayfa<\/em> bulmakta zorluk ya\u015famas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Nitekim Marmara Denizi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan bir bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada7<\/sup><\/strong> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca %10,3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fcn baba mesle\u011fi olan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, kaptanl\u0131k ve tayfal\u0131k mesle\u011fi ile i\u015ftigal etti\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015ftir. Bu sonu\u00e7lara g\u00f6re gen\u00e7 nesillerin, ebeveynleri gibi baba mesle\u011fi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok fazla tercih ettiklerinin s\u00f6ylenemeyece\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kendi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n gelecekte se\u00e7ece\u011fi meslekler konusunda\u00a0 \u2018iyi bir gelecek sunmuyor\u2019, \u2018getirisi yok\u2019, \u2018okumas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorum\u2019, \u2018zor bir meslek, istikrar yok\u2019, \u2018bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa eskisi gibi de\u011fer verilmiyor\u2019 gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenler \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek \u00e7ocu\u011funun bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 istemeyenlerin oran\u0131 %94 olarak tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Ege Denizi\u2019nde yap\u0131lan bir di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada8<\/sup><\/strong> ise bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n sadece %20,1\u2019inin bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k mesle\u011finden memnun oldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 3. Y\u0131llara g\u00f6re bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde istihdam edilen ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilimsel Bal\u0131k Pop\u00fclasyon Y\u00f6netimi S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Temel \u015eart\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mevcut avc\u0131l\u0131k\/bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara ra\u011fmen toplam izin verilebilir av ve kota sistemi olmadan her bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 gemisinin ta\u015f\u0131yabildi\u011fi kadar bal\u0131k avlamas\u0131na dayanan bir strateji ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir<\/strong>. Stoka eri\u015fim d\u00f6nemsel olarak s\u0131n\u0131rlanmakta (Eyl\u00fcl-Nisan) ancak av yasaklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemlerde s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olarak i\u015fletilmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye`de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir pop\u00fclasyon y\u00f6netimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran mevzuat olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir y\u00f6netim politika tercihi olarak bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6netiminin i\u00e7 i\u015fleyi\u015fi \u015feffaf de\u011fildir. K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde ulusal bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k kurallar\u0131 ve d\u00fczenlemelerinin olmas\u0131, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir. Uygulanmas\u0131nda sorun ya\u015fanan kurallar\u0131n-tedbirlerin, stoklar\u0131n azalmas\u0131 ile bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k kapasitesinin ve artan av \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini durdurmakta tamamen etkisiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, denizel kaynaklar do\u011fal, yenilenebilir ve \u201ct\u00fckenebilen\u201d sonlu kaynaklar olup, mevcut stoklar bilimsel planlama yaparak al\u0131nacak \u00f6nlemlerle korunmadan, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Marmara Denizi, Karadeniz ve Ege Denizine \u00e7evresel etkileri bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla kesin olarak saptanmam\u0131\u015f\/belirlenmemi\u015f ve bal\u0131k pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131nda azalmaya neden olan Kanal \u0130stanbul projesi ve deniz ekosistemini etkileyen dolgu, hafriyat de\u015farj\u0131, sahil yolu in\u015fas\u0131, liman, turizm yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131, kentsel geli\u015fim projeleri, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, havaliman\u0131, HES gibi makro projelerden acilen vazge\u00e7ilmelidir. \u0130klim ve ya\u011f\u0131\u015f rejimi de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin hidrolojik etkileri b\u00fct\u00fcnsel olarak de\u011ferlendirilmeden s\u00f6z konusu projelerin deniz ve k\u0131y\u0131 ekosistemleri ile bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa etkileri y\u00f6netilemez. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Su \u00dcr\u00fcnleri Tedarik Zinciri, \u00dcretici\/Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ve T\u00fcketici Ekseninde Kurgulanmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 ve t\u00fcketici a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli konu ise avlanan \u00e7e\u015fitli su \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131-Kooperatif-Komisyoncu-Perakendeci-T\u00fcketici \u015feklinde ilerleyen \u00e7ok a\u015famal\u0131 pazarlama zinciri ile piyasaya arz\u0131 yerine bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n kendi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ile do\u011frudan t\u00fcketiciye ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak a\u015famas\u0131z (Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131-Kooperatif-T\u00fcketici) bir arz modelinin tercih edilmemesidir. Bu a\u015famas\u0131z\/arac\u0131s\u0131z sistem ile eme\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hak etti\u011fi d\u00fczeyde alabilecek olan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar daha fazla bal\u0131k avlamak i\u00e7in rekabet\u00e7i davranmaktan kurtulacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130thalat\u0131n artmas\u0131 yerine do\u011fru planlama ve y\u00f6netim ile \u00fcretim art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler d\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00dc\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re; 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda 12.971 ton olan T\u00fcrkiye su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ithalat\u0131, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 110.761 ton, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 90.684 ton olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. FAO verilerine g\u00f6re; D\u00fcnya genelinde hayvansal proteinin %17\u2019si bal\u0131ktan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli g\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan \u00fclkelerde dahi 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re\u00a0 9,3 kg y\u0131ll\u0131k bal\u0131k t\u00fcketimi mevcutken \u00fclkemizde 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda 7,5 kg olan y\u0131ll\u0131k ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131 2019 da 6,2 kg\u2019a gerilemi\u015ftir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re 24,4 kg\/y\u0131l\u2019d\u0131r. Bal\u0131k pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n korunup geli\u015ftirilmesi yerine s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi nedeniyle ithal edilen bal\u0131k miktar\u0131 her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l daha da artmakta 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda 11,29 milyon USD olan ithalat, 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 16,7 kat artarak 189,43 milyon USD olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

BALIK\u00c7ILIK Y\u00d6NET\u0130LEM\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Denizlerimizden, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, do\u011fru, ekosistemin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceleyen, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde yararlanabiliyor muyuz? Denizlerimizde ve i\u00e7sular\u0131m\u0131zda ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lar\u0131n biyolojik \u00f6zelliklerini, zamana ve mek\u00e2na ba\u011fl\u0131 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 ile miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 biliyor muyuz? Stoklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, av filomuzu ve yeti\u015fmi\u015f e\u011fitimli insan kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 do\u011fru y\u00f6netebiliyor muyuz?<\/em> D\u00fc\u015fen av miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n sorumlular\u0131 kimlerdir? Bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerimiz neden yok olmaktad\u0131r? Av miktarlar\u0131m\u0131z neden d\u00fc\u015fmektedir? S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k planlamas\u0131 neden yap\u0131lm\u0131yor? Sorulan bu sorulara cevaben a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki maddeler say\u0131labilir ve bu maddeler de ifade edilen durumlar bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerimizin yok olmas\u0131nda ve stoklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kme noktas\u0131na gelmesinde tek tek veya topluca etkilidirler.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Kirlilik,<\/li>\n
  • Su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri stoklar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi,<\/li>\n
  • Av yasaklar\u0131na (t\u00fcr, boy, zaman, yer, derinlik) uyulmamas\u0131,<\/li>\n
  • Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k filosunun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc,<\/li>\n
  • T\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc avlanmas\u0131 gereken stok miktarlar\u0131n\u0131n bilinmemesi,<\/li>\n
  • T\u00fcre \u00f6zg\u00fc kota sisteminin eksikli\u011fi,<\/li>\n
  • \u00dcniversitelerin Su Bilimleri ve M\u00fchendisli\u011fi, Su \u00dcr\u00fcnleri M\u00fchendisli\u011fi, Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k Teknolojisi M\u00fchendisli\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden mezun olmu\u015f yeti\u015fmi\u015f insan kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n istihdam\u0131ndaki eksiklikler, planlama, denetim ve kontrolde yetki karma\u015fas\u0131,<\/li>\n
  • Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n av verilerini gizlemesi, istatistiklerin g\u00fcvenirli\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131,<\/li>\n
  • \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kaynakl\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n y\u00f6netilememesi,<\/li>\n
  • Bal\u0131k tedarik zincirinin ekosistem ve kamu yarar\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00f6netilememesi,<\/li>\n
  • Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n planlanma ve y\u00f6netiminde siyasi kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6sterilememesi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan bu olgulardan \u00f6zellikle kirlilik,<\/em><\/strong> su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri stoklar\u0131n\u0131n<\/em><\/strong> a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi<\/strong><\/em> ve av yasaklar\u0131na uyulmamas\u0131<\/em> <\/strong>sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n acilen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, planl\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in zorunludur.<\/p>\n

    Karasal tar\u0131mda oldu\u011fu gibi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k da (denizel tar\u0131m) yap\u0131sal sorunlar\u0131 giderilmeden, kararl\u0131 koruma ve denetim uygulanmadan ve bilimsel verilere dayal\u0131 t\u00fcr baz\u0131nda pop\u00fclasyon y\u00f6netimi planlamalar\u0131 sa\u011flanmadan, derinle\u015fen, kronikle\u015fen problemlerinden ve her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artan ithalat ile y\u00f6netilmekten kurtulamaz.<\/p>\n

    M\u00dcS\u0130LAJIN BALIK\u00c7ILI\u011eA ETK\u0130LER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerindeki avc\u0131l\u0131ktan kaynaklanan sorunlar\u0131n \u00fczerine ge\u00e7en av sezonunda Marmara Denizi, \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131 ve k\u0131smen Kuzey Ege\u2019de ya\u015fanan m\u00fcsilaj sorunu da eklendi. Denizde m\u00fcsilaj olu\u015fumuna, ba\u015fta fitoplanktonun (bitkisel plankton) a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile bu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131 tetikleyen bir\u00e7ok fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik s\u00fcrecin neden oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Uygun meteorolojik (\u0131\u015f\u0131k, r\u00fczgar, bulutlanma, vb.) ve o\u015finografik (su s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ak\u0131nt\u0131 h\u0131z\u0131, tabakala\u015fma, vb.) ko\u015fullar ile deniz suyunda bulunan besin tuzlar\u0131 (Azot, Fosfor, vd.) a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 art\u0131\u015fa neden olmaktad\u0131r. Zaman i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6len fitoplanktonun bakteriler taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda m\u00fcsilaj olu\u015ftu\u011fu bilinmektedir. B\u00f6ylece olu\u015fan m\u00fcsilaja deniz suyunda bulunan di\u011fer planktonik organizmalar, ile \u00e7e\u015fitli organik ve inorganik maddelerin eklenmesi sonucunda k\u00fctlesel b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. M\u00fcsilaj k\u0131y\u0131 alanlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rsel kirlilik olu\u015fturmakta, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcretimi, deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve turizm gibi bir\u00e7ok alan\u0131n olumsuz etkilenmesine neden olmakla beraber en \u00f6nemli etkisini;\u00a0 su i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan su bitkileri ile omurgas\u0131z ve omurgal\u0131 canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcreme, beslenme ve bar\u0131nma alanlar\u0131na zarar vererek g\u00f6stermektedir. M\u00fcsilaj\u0131n deniz dibinde ya\u015fayan ba\u015fta mercanlar, s\u00fcngerler, midyeler, denizkestaneleri, denizy\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere bir yerde sabit ya\u015fayan veya yava\u015f hareket eden canl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc kaplamas\u0131 durumunda bu tip canl\u0131larda toplu \u00f6l\u00fcmler ya\u015fanabilmektedir. Bu sene ulusal bas\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler ya\u015fanan biyolojik zenginli\u011fimizdeki kay\u0131plar\u0131n boyutlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir fikir vermektedir. M\u00fcsilaj bal\u0131klar\u0131n solunga\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131kamas\u0131 durumunda bo\u011fulmalar\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bal\u0131k larvalar\u0131n\u0131n besinini olu\u015fturan zooplanktonun (hayvansal plankton) ve di\u011fer organizmalar\u0131n, m\u00fcsilaj olu\u015fumundan olumsuz etkilenmesi durumunda bal\u0131k larvalar\u0131 beslenme sorunu ya\u015fayacaklard\u0131r. \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Su Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi\u2019nin, m\u00fcsilaj\u0131n etkilerine ili\u015fkin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ilk sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re dip bal\u0131klar\u0131nda patojen y\u00fck artm\u0131\u015f, hamsi ve istavrit i\u00e7in bal\u0131k et verimlili\u011finde, besin i\u00e7eri\u011finde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    B\u00f6ylece \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda denizlerimizin bal\u0131k ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k veriminde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fler ya\u015fanmas\u0131 beklenmelidir. Bu durum her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn maliyetleri artan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcm\u00fcze ek y\u00fckler getirecek, bal\u0131k fiyatlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n devam etmesine, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir besin \u00f6\u011fesi olan bal\u0131k etinin l\u00fcks t\u00fcketim maddesi olmas\u0131na ve halk\u0131n eri\u015fememesine neden olacakt\u0131r<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

    M\u00fcsilaj, g\u00f6r\u00fclme s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015fiddeti de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r devam etmekte olup en son meydana gelen m\u00fcsilaj\u0131n miktar\u0131, s\u00fcresi ve etkisi \u00f6ncekilerle k\u0131yaslanamayacak kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olmu\u015ftur. Bu etki halen Marmara Denizi\u2019nin dip k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda devam etmektedir. Marmara Denizi yar\u0131 kapal\u0131 bir deniz olup, Karadeniz ve Ege Denizi aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6stermektedir. Y\u00fczeyde Karadeniz\u2019den gelen tuzlulu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan su k\u00fctlesi, 25- 30 m derinlikten itibaren de Akdeniz\u2019den gelen tuzlulu\u011fu y\u00fcksek olan su k\u00fctlesi yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    M\u00fcsilaj\u0131n Olu\u015fma Sebepleri Nelerdir? <\/strong><\/p>\n

    Do\u011fal nedenlerle mi meydana gelmektedir, yoksa ba\u015fka etmenler de var m\u0131d\u0131r, insan faaliyetleri bunda ne kadar etkilidir? Hassas ekolojik dengeler \u00fczerine kurulu olan Marmara Denizi\u2019nin \u00e7evresinde T\u00fcrkiye n\u00fcfusunun yakla\u015f\u0131k %30\u2019u ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bu n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu ile birlikte y\u00fcksek sanayi yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 da dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Artan sanayi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 daha fazla n\u00fcfusu Marmara B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne \u00e7ekmeye devam etmektedir. \u00dclkeye dengesiz da\u011f\u0131lan sanayi faaliyetlerinin %60`\u0131\u00a0Marmara B\u00f6lgesi`nde bulunmaktad\u0131r. Marmara Denizi evsel ve end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131klar i\u00e7in al\u0131c\u0131 ortam haline getirilmi\u015ftir. Evsel, end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131klar ile kontrols\u00fcz kullan\u0131lan tar\u0131m ila\u00e7 ve g\u00fcbrelerinin s\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sular, do\u011fal ak\u0131\u015f veya derin deniz de\u015farjlar\u0131 ile ar\u0131t\u0131lmadan veya k\u0131smi ar\u0131t\u0131larak Marmara Denizine ula\u015fmakta\/bo\u015falt\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 1980\u2019lerin sonlar\u0131nda ba\u015flayan at\u0131klar\u0131n ar\u0131t\u0131lmadan derin denize de\u015farj edilmesi, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4. S\u0131n\u0131f su kabul edilen Ergene Nehrinin de eklenmesi ile yo\u011fun bak\u0131m gerektiren hasta haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Karadeniz Havzas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan akarsular\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 besin tuzlar\u0131 ve kirleticiler de \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131 yolu ile Marmara Denizi\u2019ne gelmektedir. M\u00fcsilaj\u0131n do\u011fal yollarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmakla beraber, Marmara Denizi\u2019nde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z m\u00fcsilaj olay\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal olaylarla a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir<\/strong>. Marmara Denizi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen durum denizin \u00e7evresine y\u0131\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f n\u00fcfustan ve sanayi faaliyetlerinden yani evsel ve end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131klar\u0131n ar\u0131t\u0131lmadan al\u0131c\u0131 ortam olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen Marmara Denizi\u2019ne b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    SONU\u00c7 YA DA \u00d6NER\u0130LER<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te ekolojik ve ekonomik kay\u0131plar ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in acilen tedbirler al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Marmara Denizi\u2019nin yayg\u0131n kirlili\u011fine neden olan ve kontrols\u00fcz olarak bir\u00e7ok noktadan de\u015farj edilen evsel ve end\u00fcstriyel at\u0131klar\u0131n de\u015farj noktalar\u0131n\u0131n tespiti, kontrol ve denetimlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ileri ar\u0131tma y\u00f6ntemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu hale getirilmelidir.<\/p>\n

    Tahrip edilen k\u0131y\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011falt\u0131m\u0131, bilimsel y\u00f6ntemlerle yap\u0131lmal\u0131, acil olarak Marmara Denizi\u2019nde Deniz Koruma Alanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturulmal\u0131 ve say\u0131lar\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131, T\u00fcrk Bo\u011fazlar Sistemi biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik kayb\u0131 ve kirlili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130nsan faaliyetleri sonucu hassas do\u011fal dengesi bozulan Marmara Denizinin, Karadeniz\u2019i Marmara Denizine ba\u011flayarak besin tuzu ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ve hidrolojik dengesini alt \u00fcst edecek olan Kanal \u0130stanbul Projesinden vazge\u00e7ilmelidir.<\/p>\n

    Marmara Denizi ve di\u011fer denizlerimizde deniz kirlili\u011fi, biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlilik izleme, bal\u0131k stoklar\u0131n\u0131n takibi vb. \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fczenli olarak yap\u0131lmal\u0131, ilgili bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n ve belediyelerin bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kaynak aktarmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u0130lgili bakanl\u0131klar, Marmara Denizi\u2019ne k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 olan belediyeler, \u00fcniversitelerin ilgili fak\u00fclte ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri, su \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kooperatifleri, ilgili meslek odalar\u0131, turizm sekt\u00f6r\u00fc temsilcileri ve di\u011fer payda\u015flar bir araya gelerek Marmara Denizini korumak ve kurtarmak i\u00e7in al\u0131nacak tedbirleri belirlemeleri ve bu tedbirleri acilen uygulamalar\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Marmara Denizi kritik e\u015fiktedir, yap\u0131lacak koruma ve sa\u011falt\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u015feffaf y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeli, uzmanlar ve ilgili di\u011fer sivil birimler ile halk\u0131n kat\u0131labilece\u011fi izleme organizasyonlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan izlenebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    G\u00f6z g\u00f6re g\u00f6re bu \u201ccinayete\u201d, Marmara Denizi\u2019nin \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine izin verilmemelidir. Vakit ge\u00e7irilmeden kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler al\u0131n\u0131p, kararl\u0131 olarak uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    De\u011finilen Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n

    1- <\/strong>Demirel, N., Zengin, M., Ulman, A. (2020) First Large-Scale Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea Stock Assessment Reveals a Dramatic Decline. Front. Mar. Sci.<\/em> 7: 103. doi: 10.3389\/fmars.2020.00103<\/p>\n

    2-<\/strong> Ulman, A., Zengin, M., Demirel, N., Pauly, D. (2020) The Lost Fish of Turkey: A Recent History of Disappeared Species and Commercial Fishery Extinctions for the Turkish Marmara and Black Seas. Front. Mar. Sci.<\/em> 7: 650. doi: 10.3389\/fmars.2020.00650<\/p>\n

    3-<\/strong> FAO. 2020. The State of Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries 2020. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean. Rome. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4060\/cb2429en<\/p>\n

    4-<\/strong> Bilgin, E.E., Y\u0131lmaz, S. (2019). Gemi geri al\u0131m program\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fck gemi sahibi bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n programa kat\u0131lmamalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences<\/em>, 32(3): 365-371, DOI: 10.29136\/mediterranean.606943<\/p>\n

    5-<\/strong> \u00dcnal, V., G\u00fcnc\u00fco\u011flu-Bodur, H. (2020). Analysis of the Fourth Generation Buy-Back Program for fishing vessels in Turkey. COMU J. Mar. Sci. Fish<\/em>, 3(1): 38-44. DOI: 10.46384\/jmsf.739631<\/p>\n

    6-<\/strong> https:\/\/www.iuufishingindex.net\/about<\/p>\n

    7-<\/strong> Zengin, M., G\u00fcng\u00f6r, H., G\u00fcng\u00f6r, G., \u0130nceo\u011flu, H., D\u00fcz, G., Benli, K., Kocaba\u015f, E., Ceylan, T., Da\u011ftekin, M., Demirkol, C., \u00c7olako\u011flu, S. 2017. Marmara Denizi Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Sosyo-Ekonomik Yap\u0131s\u0131 Ve Y\u00f6netim Stratejilerinin Belirlenmesi Projesi Sonu\u00e7 Raporu. Su \u00dcr\u00fcnleri Merkez Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Trabzon.<\/p>\n

    8-<\/strong> Durgun, D. 2019. Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ekosistem \u00fczerindeki etkilerinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131nda bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ki\u015fisel de\u011ferleri, \u00e7evre tutumlar\u0131 ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n analizi. Doktora Tezi. Ege \u00dcniversitesi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Ziraat M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’de bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n durumu ve bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir rapor yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Yay\u0131nlanan rapor T\u00fcrkiye’nin denizel biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir krizle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuzu, art\u0131k denizlerimizde g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen baz\u0131 bal\u0131k t\u00fcrlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra mevcut bal\u0131k pop\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n da yokolma tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu bir kez daha g\u00f6sterdi. Marmara Denizi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye’nin t\u00fcm denizlerinde …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5306,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[119,1,39,95,83],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5303"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5303"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5303\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5305,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5303\/revisions\/5305"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5306"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5303"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5303"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5303"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}