{"id":5053,"date":"2020-04-29T12:57:29","date_gmt":"2020-04-29T09:57:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/?p=5053"},"modified":"2020-04-29T12:57:29","modified_gmt":"2020-04-29T09:57:29","slug":"korunamayan-korunan-alanlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/?p=5053","title":{"rendered":"Korunamayan korunan alanlar"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Korunamayan<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n
\n
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80\u2019ler devletin elde avu\u00e7ta ne varsa sat\u0131p savd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fclkenin ormanlar\u0131 ve sahillerinin \u00f6zel sermayeye aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131. 2000\u2019ler ise yeni bir korunan alan stratejisinin sahnelenmesine \u015fahit oluyor: Azalt\u0131rken art\u0131r\u0131yor gibi yapmak.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6yle bir \u00fclke ki, bir konuyu uzun soluklu olarak ele al\u0131p incelemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmuyor. Tam odaklan\u0131yorsunuz, yeni bir konu ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor birden ve g\u00f6rmezden gelemiyorsunuz.<\/p>\n

Yeniden yabanla\u015ft\u0131rma konusuna, tam da bu nedenle k\u0131sa bir ara vermek durumunday\u0131m. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fclkemin zaten korunamayan korunan alanlar\u0131 darbe \u00fcst\u00fcne darbe almaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n

Korunan alan nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Korunan alanlar konusundaki en yetkin uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct olan IUCN<\/strong>[1]<\/a> korunan alan\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131ml\u0131yor[2]<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\u201cBir korunan alan, ekosistem hizmetleri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerle do\u011fan\u0131n uzun s\u00fcreli korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yasal ya da di\u011fer etkili yollarla ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00f6netilen, tan\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir co\u011frafi aland\u0131r.\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

Detaylar\u0131na girmeye gerek yok ama yine IUCN<\/strong> korunan alanlar\u0131, o alan\u0131n koruma-kullanma dengesine g\u00f6re yedi farkl\u0131 kategoride topluyor. \u0130lk kategori kullan\u0131m\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar\u0131, son kategori ise korumayla birlikte en y\u00fcksek kullan\u0131m miktar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor. \u00dclkeler elbette IUCN<\/strong>\u2019in bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131na uymak zorunda de\u011fil. Hemen her \u00fclkede farkl\u0131 bir korunan alan sistemi olu\u015fmu\u015f durumda. Belki de b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya \u00fclkelerinde stat\u00fcs\u00fc en yayg\u0131n olan ve \u00f6zellikleri birbirine en \u00e7ok benzeyen korunan alanlar milli parklar<\/strong>. Oysa \u00f6rne\u011fin bir ba\u015fka korunan alan stat\u00fcs\u00fc olan tabiat parklar\u0131<\/strong>Fransa ve Almanya\u2019da on hatta y\u00fcz binlerce hektarl\u0131k alanlar\u0131 kapsayan ve do\u011fan\u0131n i\u00e7indeki insan ya\u015fam\u0131, yani k\u00fclt\u00fcr ile birlikte korundu\u011fu alanlar iken, maalesef T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, \u00f6zellikle son y\u0131llarda bir iki hektarl\u0131k orman i\u00e7i dinlenme yerlerinin d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle olu\u015fturulmu\u015f \u00e7akma korunan alanlar<\/strong> durumunda.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n korunan alan sitemi i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirilen ilk korunan alan\u0131 1872 y\u0131l\u0131nda milli park olarak ilan edilen Yellowstone<\/strong>. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk korunan alan\u0131 ise Orman Kanunu\u2019na g\u00f6re 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilan edilen Belgrad Muhafaza Orman\u0131<\/strong>. Asl\u0131nda muhafaza orman\u0131 kavram\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk kez 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 504 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Mevcut Bilumum Ormanlar\u0131n Fenni Usul\u00fc \u0130dare ve \u0130\u015fletilmesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun<\/strong>\u2019da kendine yer buluyor. Kanun\u2019un 8\u2019inci maddesi toprak ve su muhafaza karakteri a\u011f\u0131r basan orman alanlar\u0131nda \u00fcretimin yasaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu t\u00fcr orman alanlar\u0131n\u0131n muhafaza orman\u0131 olarak ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Ne var ki ilk muhafaza orman\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131 i\u00e7in 26 y\u0131l daha ge\u00e7mesi gerekiyor. 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 6831 Say\u0131l\u0131 Orman Kanunu<\/strong> da 25. maddesiyle ilk kez milli park kavram\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye getiriyor ve bu madde do\u011frultusunda Yozgat \u00c7aml\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> 1958 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ilk milli park\u0131 olarak ilan ediliyor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

Korunan alan sistemi zaman i\u00e7inde, 2863 Say\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Kanunu<\/strong> gibi yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ve Ramsar<\/strong>[3]<\/a> gibi taraf olunan uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler yoluyla geni\u015fliyor; Korunan alan sisteminin i\u00e7erisinde do\u011fal alanlarla birlikte k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlar da girmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2873 Say\u0131l\u0131 Milli Parklar Kanunu<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. A\u00e7\u0131k s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, korunan alanlar hi\u00e7bir zaman koruman\u0131n ideal olarak yap\u0131labildi\u011fi alanlar olmad\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de. Mevzuat, y\u00f6netim, finansman, yetki karma\u015fas\u0131, ziyaret\u00e7i y\u00f6netimi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n bilin\u00e7sizli\u011fi gibi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar nedeniyle korunan alanlarda koruma hep a\u011f\u0131r aksak i\u015fleyen bir yap\u0131 olarak kendini g\u00f6sterdi. Ama di\u011fer taraftan hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r miktarda do\u011fal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alan, her \u015feye ra\u011fmen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kullan\u0131m bask\u0131s\u0131ndan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de olsa kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n

Azalt\u0131rken art\u0131yormu\u015f gibi yapmak<\/strong><\/p>\n

Seksenler, yeni nesil i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca bir dizi ad\u0131 olabilir belki, ama seksenler ayn\u0131 zamanda bu \u00fclkenin yazg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir: 12 Eyl\u00fcl darbesi<\/strong> sonras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan antidemokratik anayasa, 1983 se\u00e7imleri, Turgut \u00d6zal<\/strong>l\u0131, serbest piyasac\u0131 y\u0131llar ve devletin elindeki avucundakini satarak halk\u0131n kaderini kapitalizmin eline kurbanl\u0131k koyun gibi teslim etmesi s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flamas\u0131\u2026 \u00d6yle ki s\u0131rf kad\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve g\u00fczel san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in el \u00fcst\u00fcnde tutulan Ba\u015fbakan Tansu \u00c7iller<\/strong>\u2019in, devlet ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebilecek kadar c\u00fcretkar davranabildi\u011fi bir \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme r\u00fczgar\u0131 esmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

\u00d6zelle\u015ftirme her zaman tapusunun verilmesiyle olmuyordu elbet. \u00dclkenin en g\u00fczel koylar\u0131, sahilleri, ormanlar\u0131 yine bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Turizmi Te\u015fvik Kanunu<\/strong> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sermayeye pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekildi. O da yetmedi, korunan alanlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek sermayenin \u00f6n\u00fcnde hi\u00e7bir diken ve \u00e7ak\u0131l b\u0131rak\u0131lmad\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda 70 bin hektarl\u0131k alan\u0131 koruyacak \u015fekilde milli park ilan edilen Olimpos (Beyda\u011flar\u0131)<\/strong>, 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 sat\u0131rl\u0131k bir bakanlar kurulu karar\u0131yla 35 bin hektara d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Gerek\u00e7e de milli park\u0131n sahil kesiminde kalan alanlar\u0131nda turizmin kolay geli\u015fmesi, sosyal problemler ve yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan m\u00fclkiyet sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilmesi olarak a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Milli park olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan o alanlar; Beldibi, G\u00f6yn\u00fck, Kemer, Tekirova, \u00c7amyuva<\/strong> sahilleri \u015fimdi bir u\u00e7tan di\u011ferine be\u015f y\u0131ld\u0131zl\u0131 otellerle dolu.<\/p>\n

2000\u2019li y\u0131llar ise yeni bir korunan alan stratejisinin sahnelenmesine \u015fahit oluyor: Azalt\u0131rken art\u0131r\u0131yor gibi yapmak. Hani neredeyse art\u0131r\u0131yor gibi \u00e7ek panpa<\/strong> diyecek birileri. Uzun uzun anlatmayay\u0131m. Sadece devletin resmi kurumu olan \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n[4]<\/a> raporuna yans\u0131yan istatistiklere bakmak bile yeterli ne oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

Ormanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn (Do\u011fa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc) sorumlulu\u011funda olan korunan alanlardan yaln\u0131zca tabiat parklar\u0131 ve tabiat an\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n alan\u0131 artmakta iken, en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc olan muhafaza ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve tabiat\u0131 koruma alanlar\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla %22 ve %27 oranlar\u0131nda azalma meydana gelmi\u015f<\/strong> yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rt y\u0131lda<\/strong>. Milli park say\u0131s\u0131 40\u2019tan 42\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131karken alanlar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 bin 500 hektar azal\u0131yor. Yaban hayat\u0131 geli\u015ftirme sahalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artarken alan\u0131 azal\u0131yor. Peki, art\u0131\u015f nerede? Art\u0131\u015f asl\u0131nda nitelik olarak bir korunan alan olmayan tabiat parklar\u0131 ve tabiat an\u0131tlar\u0131nda meydana geliyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6zellikle tabiat parklar\u0131nda korumadan \u00e7ok kullan\u0131m e\u011filimi bask\u0131n. Zaten tabiat parklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu eskiden orman i\u00e7i dinlenme yeri stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olan alanlar. Orman i\u00e7i dinlenme yerleri Orman Kanunu\u2019nun yap\u0131la\u015fmayla ilgili koruyucu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi. Oysa onlar\u0131 tabiat park\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda,<\/strong> hem ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde korunan alan say\u0131 ve miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yorsunuz hem de o alanlar\u0131 Milli Parklar Kanunu\u2019nun yap\u0131la\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha esnek kollar\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131yorsunuz.<\/strong> Nas\u0131l ama?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kaynak:\u00a0<\/strong>https:\/\/kuzeyormanlari.org\/2020\/04\/25\/korunamayan-korunan-alanlar-1\/<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/em><\/a> International Union for Conservation of Nature<\/em><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/theme\/protected-areas\/about<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00d6zellikle Su Ku\u015flar\u0131 Ya\u015fama Ortam\u0131 Olarak Uluslararas\u0131 \u00d6neme Sahip Sulak Alanlar Hakk\u0131nda\u00a0S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/em><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u00c7evresel G\u00f6stergeler 2017, \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporunun tamam\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

(Ye\u015fil Gazete<\/a> \u2013 Cihan Erd\u00f6nmez)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

80\u2019ler devletin elde avu\u00e7ta ne varsa sat\u0131p savd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fclkenin ormanlar\u0131 ve sahillerinin \u00f6zel sermayeye aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131. 2000\u2019ler ise yeni bir korunan alan stratejisinin sahnelenmesine \u015fahit oluyor: Azalt\u0131rken art\u0131r\u0131yor gibi yapmak. T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6yle bir \u00fclke ki, bir konuyu uzun soluklu olarak ele al\u0131p incelemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmuyor. Tam odaklan\u0131yorsunuz, yeni bir konu ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor birden ve g\u00f6rmezden …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5054,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[83],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5053"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5053"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5055,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5053\/revisions\/5055"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5054"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}