{"id":4364,"date":"2019-01-04T15:11:27","date_gmt":"2019-01-04T12:11:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/?p=4364"},"modified":"2019-10-02T23:01:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-02T20:01:43","slug":"fazla-turist-kenti-ve-dogayi-olduruyor-mu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/?p=4364","title":{"rendered":"Fazla turist kenti ve do\u011fay\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyor mu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u0130smail K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7 *<\/strong><\/p>\n

1990-2015 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 turist say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fczde 173 artar. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 turist yani en az bir s\u0131n\u0131r ge\u00e7ip geceleyen ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 1,3 milyard\u0131r. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise art\u0131\u015f y\u00fczde 7\u2019dir<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya zenginli\u011finde turizmin pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 10. \u0130ki milyar ki\u015fiyi ilgilendiriyor. Ancak turizm \u00e7ok hassas bir sekt\u00f6r. Ter\u00f6rizm, do\u011fal felaketler, siyasi, toplumsal, hava durumu, fiyat d\u00fczeyi, az geli\u015fmi\u015flik gibi olgulardan hemen ve \u00f6nemli \u015fekilde etkilenen bir sekt\u00f6r. Bir de bunlara bug\u00fcn giderek daha \u00e7ok rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ekleyin. Yani turizmin sa\u011f\u0131 solu belli olmaz. Bir y\u0131ldan di\u011ferine azalabilir ve artabilir de.<\/p>\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda do\u011fan turizm ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015fisel deneyimler amac\u0131yla atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Geziye \u00e7\u0131kma, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ve kendini tan\u0131ma. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise ba\u015fka diyarda kendi kurallar\u0131na uygun ya\u015fam\u0131 denemek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. \u00dccretli izinle art\u0131k tatilde olmak yetmez tatile gidilir. Orta s\u0131n\u0131f turizme kat\u0131l\u0131r. Ucuz u\u00e7ak biletleri ve havayollar\u0131 devreye girer. XXI. y\u00fczy\u0131l ise daha \u00e7ok kitlesel turizm a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r ve e\u011flence ama\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nternetten ev, araba kiralan\u0131r. Ucuz bilet bulunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fckselmekte olan \u00fclkeler (BRICS gibi) daha \u00e7ok turizme kat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Louvre m\u00fczesine gidenlerin y\u00fczde 50\u2019si sadece Mona Lisa\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in giderler ve koridorlarda ko\u015fu\u015furlar. Pazarlama turizmi \u00f6n d\u00fczlemdedir. Kopenhag\u2019da \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Siren\u201d, Br\u00fcksel\u2019de \u201cMannekin Pis\u201d heykeli i\u00e7in ko\u015fu\u015fturma ba\u015flar. Buraya geldim ve i\u015fte kan\u0131t\u0131 diye foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekilir ve kan\u0131tlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kentler ve tarihi yerler s\u00fcpermarket olur.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir turizm kavram\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar; yani tarihi, turistik yerlere ve burada ya\u015fayanlara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6steren. Turistten \u00e7ok gezginden s\u00f6z eder; arkas\u0131nda iz b\u0131rakmayan.<\/p>\n

1990-2015 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 turist say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fczde 173 artar. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 turist yani en az bir s\u0131n\u0131r ge\u00e7ip geceleyen ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131 1,3 milyard\u0131r. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise art\u0131\u015f y\u00fczde 7\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u0131talara gelen turist say\u0131s\u0131 ve turizm geliri \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
K\u0131talar<\/td>\nK.-G. Amerika<\/td>\nAvrupa<\/td>\nAfrika<\/td>\nOrtado\u011fu<\/td>\nAsya-Pasifik<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gelen toplam turist say\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\n191 milyon<\/td>\n608 milyon<\/td>\n53 milyon<\/td>\n53 milyon<\/td>\n279 milyon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pay\u0131 (%)<\/td>\n16<\/td>\n51<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Turizm geli\u015fi ($)<\/td>\n277 milyar<\/td>\n448 milyar<\/td>\n33 milyar<\/td>\n55 milyar<\/td>\n429 milyar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Toplamda pay\u0131 (%)<\/td>\n23<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n3<\/td>\n4<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Pastadan en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131 al\u0131rken en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck pay Afrika\u2019ya aittir.<\/p>\n

Turizme en \u00e7ok para harcayan \u00fclkeler ise s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u00c7in (160 milyar), ABD (119 milyar) ve Almanya\u2019d\u0131r (90 milyar).<\/p>\n

En \u00e7ok turist \u00e7eken \u00fclkeler ise s\u0131ras\u0131yla Fransa (84 milyon), ABD (75 milyon) ve \u0130spanya\u2019d\u0131r (65 milyon).<\/p>\n

Ancak son zamanlarda kimi \u00fclke ve kentlerde turizmden daha do\u011frusu turist say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n fazla olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, itirazlar y\u00fckselmi\u015f ve g\u00f6steriler d\u00fczenlenmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Turizmde \u201ca\u015f\u0131r\u0131 doz\u201ddan s\u00f6z ediliyor art\u0131k. Fazla turist kentin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne mi neden oluyor?<\/p>\n

Fazla turist fazla s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00d6fkeli insanlar, tahrip olan do\u011fa, artan fiyatlar\u2026<\/p>\n

Avrupa\u2019da ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130spanya, \u0130talya, Portekiz, H\u0131rvatistan, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti gibi \u00fclkelerde ve bu \u00fclkelerin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f S\u0130T alanlar\u0131 ve kentlerinde turizm ya da turist kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 eylemler artmakta. Birka\u00e7 \u00f6rnek verelim ve sonra da turistlerin neden istenmedi\u011fi konusuna de\u011finelim.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n Barselona kentine gelen turist say\u0131s\u0131 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda 29 milyon. Turistlerin geldi\u011fi otob\u00fcslerin lastikleri patlat\u0131l\u0131r. Turist say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlama giri\u015fimi ilk kez bu kentte ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Dubrovnik kentine giri\u015fte bilet kesilir ve turistlere kenti gezmeleri i\u00e7in 2-3 saat izin verilir.<\/p>\n

Venedik\u2019te oturanlar ka\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Her y\u0131l 100 ki\u015fi kenti terk etmekte. 40 y\u0131l \u00f6nce 100 bin olan n\u00fcfus \u015fimdi 55 bin. Nedeni, \u00e7ok turist. D\u00fckk\u00e2n say\u0131s\u0131 artar ve denetleme getirilir. Kebap ve fastfood yasaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n Mayork adas\u0131nda \u201cTurist evine git\u201d afi\u015fleri as\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130biza adas\u0131nda ada sakinleri yaz\u0131n ka\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

Paris\u2019te 2012\u2019de 4 bin kiral\u0131k ev varken (Airbnb yoluyla) bug\u00fcn bu say\u0131 50 bine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Apartman turistle kaynar ve s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yarat\u0131r. Berlin\u2019de \u201cturisten anz\u00fcnden\u201d y\u00fcz\u00fcnden 24 bin apartman birden kiral\u0131k olur.<\/p>\n

Galapagos adalar\u0131na ilk gemi 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda 5 bin ki\u015fiyle gelir. \u015eimdi y\u0131lda 205 bin ki\u015fi ziyaret etmektedir. Ada do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ekti\u011fi s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u201cbu kadar turist fazla\u201d dedirtir.<\/p>\n

Everest da\u011f\u0131na her y\u0131l 600 ki\u015fi t\u0131rman\u0131r. Nepal\u2019de Lukla havaliman\u0131na her g\u00fcn 79 u\u00e7ak ve 35 bin turist gelir. Everest\u2019te her y\u0131l 17 ton \u00e7\u00f6p birikir. Benzer durum Mont Blanc tepesi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir ve \u00e7evreye verilen zarar nedeniyle zirveye \u00e7\u0131kan say\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlanmak istenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Vietnam\u2019\u0131n Halong koyunda her g\u00fcn y\u00fczlerce gemi turistleri dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Tonlarca \u00e7\u00f6p k\u0131y\u0131larda toplanmay\u0131 bekler. Deniz kirlenir, deniz ya\u015fam\u0131 etkilenir.<\/p>\n

H\u0131rvatistan Adriyatik\u2019te 700 kadar adaya sahip ancak adalar\u0131n sadece 50\u2019sinde insanlar oturuyor. Yaz\u0131n adalar turistle dolup ta\u015f\u0131yor ve oturanlar \u015fikayet\u00e7i. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tam pansiyon kald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in adada be\u015f kuru\u015f harcam\u0131yorlar ve \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ve adalar\u0131n y\u00fcksek kesimlerinin yerinde \u015fimdi turistler i\u00e7in otel, pansiyonlar var. Adalar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 mahvoluyor kitle turizmiyle.<\/p>\n

Kimi \u00fclkelerde seks turizmi artar ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131zlar pazarlan\u0131r. Seks turizmi Asya (Tayland, Laos, Kambo\u00e7ya), Letonya, Hollanda\u2019da geli\u015fmi\u015ftir ve d\u00fcnyada 12,3 milyon fahi\u015fe olup bunun y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 ergen de\u011fildir. Turizm seks olunca bak\u0131lacak tek yer o organd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma nedeniyle kuzey kutbuna d\u00fczenlenen gemi turlar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r ve insanlar kutup ay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in foto\u011fraf makineleriyle buzullar \u00fczerinde dola\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Daha \u00f6rnek vermek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Ne gibi sonu\u00e7lar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Fazla turistin\/turizmin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Neden turist istenmiyor?<\/p>\n

Daha do\u011frusu fazla turist istenmiyor. Fazlas\u0131 da fazla deniyor.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ele almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn:<\/p>\n