{"id":4220,"date":"2018-07-28T23:26:43","date_gmt":"2018-07-28T20:26:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/?p=4220"},"modified":"2018-08-03T23:30:54","modified_gmt":"2018-08-03T20:30:54","slug":"pasifikte-ada-olmak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/?p=4220","title":{"rendered":"Pasifik\u2019te ada olmak…"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Cem \u0130skender Ayd\u0131n \/ \u0130klim Adaleti<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Atol diye bir yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekli duydunuz mu hi\u00e7? Mercan adas\u0131 da deniyor. Okyanus taban\u0131ndaki volkanik aktivite sonucunda, volkan\u0131n krater a\u011fz\u0131nda halka ya da yar\u0131m halka \u015feklinde olu\u015fan adac\u0131klar. 27 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan ve hen\u00fcz ge\u00e7en ay nihayete eren \u00f6\u011frencilik hayat\u0131mda co\u011frafya derslerine hep a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ilgili olmama ra\u011fmen, benim bu acayip yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015feklinden haberdar olmam ne yaz\u0131k ki \u00e7ok eski de\u011fil. \u00dclkemizde okutulan co\u011frafya derslerinde, en az\u0131ndan ben ortaokul ve lise \u00f6\u011frencisiyken, \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fini hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum. Ne de olsa dersin ad\u0131 milli co\u011frafya. \u00dclkemizde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir \u015fekil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011frenmedik belki de. Ama mesela G\u00fcney Pasifik\u2019te sadece atollerden olu\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada devletleri var. Adlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclkemizde nadiren duydu\u011fumuz Marshall Adalar\u0131, Kiribati, Tuvalu gibi \u00fclkeler. (Belki o \u00fclkelerin milli co\u011frafya derslerinde de peri bacalar\u0131, s\u0131ra da\u011flar, nehirler vesaire \u00f6\u011fretilmiyordur, kim bilir?).<\/p>\n

Rak\u0131m olarak ortalama y\u00fckseklikleri metrik sistemde genelde tek haneli say\u0131larla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen bu harika adalar\u0131n gelece\u011fi ise tehlikede. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 deniz seviyesi y\u00fckselmesi, deniz y\u00fczeyi \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 hava olaylar\u0131n\u0131n daha s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi nedeniyle bu mercan adalar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yerlerinden yurtlar\u0131ndan olacaklar\u0131 bir gelece\u011fe do\u011fru gidiyoruz. Baz\u0131 adalar\u0131n tamamen sular alt\u0131nda kalaca\u011f\u0131 bir gelecekten bahsediyorum. Bu devletlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 olas\u0131 bir iklim felaketi senaryosunda adalar\u0131 terk etme ve n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka yerlere ta\u015f\u0131ma planlar\u0131 bile yapm\u0131\u015f durumdalar. Daha \u00f6nce n\u00fckleer silah denemeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda kimi adalar\u0131 zorunlu olarak terk etmi\u015f halklar i\u00e7in asl\u0131nda bu durum ne yaz\u0131k ki pek de yeni say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

2018\u2019in ilk g\u00fcnlerinden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, 2017 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadele siyaseti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada devletleri i\u00e7in, hem de kalan di\u011fer t\u00fcm \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a tantanal\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rebiliriz. \u00d6rne\u011fin 2017\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen uzun uzun Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (BM\u0130D\u00c7S) 23. Taraflar Toplant\u0131s\u0131 diye yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, k\u0131saca COP23 dedi\u011fimiz m\u00fczakereler bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada devleti olan Fiji ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk kez bir Pasifik \u00fclkesinin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (ama lojistik sebeplerle Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Bonn kentinde ve bir bak\u0131ma geli\u015fmi\u015f devletlerin himayesinde) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen COP23, beklentilerin aksine, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada devletleri i\u00e7in yine \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli kazan\u0131mlar olmadan sona erdi. Bunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni ise bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada devletinin varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n devam ettirebilmek i\u00e7in ekonomik olarak ABD ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden gelen kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131na muhta\u00e7 olmalar\u0131. Biraz da bu sebepten dolay\u0131, \u00e7ok laf, az i\u015f<\/em>\u00a0nas\u0131l olur, yine en \u00f6n s\u0131radan g\u00f6zlemleme imk\u00e2n\u0131m\u0131z oldu ne yaz\u0131k ki, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0m\u00fczakere tiyatrosu<\/em>\u00a0dedikleri bu toplant\u0131 sayesinde. Sahnedeki oyunun ba\u015frol\u00fcnde ise (ne yaz\u0131k ki ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz sene ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok konuda oldu\u011fu gibi), m\u00fczakerelere kat\u0131lmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Trump vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"pacific-islands\"<\/a><\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7ekildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan ve bir nevi\u00a0iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadele<\/em>\u00a0ile m\u00fccadele etmeye ba\u015flayan Trump, bir bak\u0131ma bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada devletlerini elinin tersiyle bir kenara att\u0131. Bu ABD\u2019nin kendisini bu ada devletlerinin kaderini belirlemede kendi kendini hak sahibi olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilk durum da de\u011fil ne yaz\u0131k ki. ABD, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde G\u00fcney Pasifik\u2019te onlarca (yakla\u015f\u0131k 70 adet) n\u00fckleer silah denemesi yapt\u0131 ve bu denemeler s\u0131ras\u0131nda ve sonras\u0131nda binlerce insan zorunlu olarak g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirildi. Bu denemelerin en bilinenleri ise 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen\u00a0Bravo<\/strong>,\u00a0Romeo<\/strong>,\u00a0Koon<\/strong>,\u00a0Union<\/strong>,\u00a0Yankee<\/strong>, ve\u00a0Nectar (1)<\/strong>\u00a0isimli, toplam b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri 48200 kiloton olan ve Marshall Adalar\u0131\u2019ndaki Bikini Atol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u015feklini de\u011fi\u015ftiren alt\u0131 adet n\u00fckleer deneme. Denemelerin ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli oldu\u011funu anlamak i\u00e7in Hiroshima\u2019ya at\u0131lan\u00a0Little Boy<\/em>\u00a0isimli n\u00fckleer bomban\u0131n 15 kiloton, Nagasaki\u2019ye at\u0131lan\u00a0Fat Man<\/em>\u00a0isimli bomban\u0131n ise 21 kiloton g\u00fcce sahip oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlayabiliriz (2).<\/p>\n

2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybeden Marshall Adalar\u0131 iklim ba\u015f m\u00fczakerecisi Tony de Brum, \u00fclkesini iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin olas\u0131 etkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 savunmadan evvel, uzun s\u00fcre n\u00fckleer kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc asl\u0131nda. ABD\u2019yi Marshall Adalar\u0131\u2019na verdi\u011fi zararlardan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc mahkemeye bile vermi\u015fti hatta. Her ne kadar dava (politik sebeplerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclse de, Tony de Brum\u2019un m\u00fccadelesi yine de olduk\u00e7a ses getirdi. N\u00fckleer Silahlar\u0131n Yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (NPT \u2013 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear<\/em>) en ate\u015fli savunucular\u0131ndan da biriydi Brum (3). \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin de, n\u00fckleerin de insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli tehditler oldu\u011funu \u00fc\u00e7 maymunu oynayan birka\u00e7 tane hegemon devlete anlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ge\u00e7en bir \u00f6m\u00fcr oldu onunki. Ama ne yaz\u0131k ki s\u00f6yledikleri g\u00f6rmezden gelindi.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleerin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilerin g\u00f6rmezden gelenler sadece n\u00fckleer silah sahibi devletler de\u011fil ne yaz\u0131k ki. Tamamen n\u00fckleer silah yapmak i\u00e7in gerekli pl\u00fctonyumun \u00fcretim s\u00fcreci sonunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan at\u0131k \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme fikri \u00fczerine kurulu olan n\u00fckleer enerji end\u00fcstrisi var bir de. Eisenhower\u2019\u0131n \u201cBar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in atomlar\u201d (Atoms for Peace<\/em>) program\u0131n\u0131n meyvesi bir end\u00fcstri bu. Lobi yapmaya hen\u00fcz iklim m\u00fczakereleri BM\u0130D\u00c7S \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce ba\u015flayan bu end\u00fcstri, y\u0131llard\u0131r n\u00fckleer enerjiyi iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00e7are olarak parlatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor \u0131srarla. \u00a0\u015eimdiye kadar yaz\u0131lan be\u015f ayr\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli (IPCC) raporuna da bir \u015fekilde n\u00fckleeri \u201c\u00e7arelerden biri\u201d olarak sokmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f durumdalar hatta (4). COP23\u2019te de bo\u015f durmad\u0131lar yine. \u00c7e\u015fitli yan etkinliklerde n\u00fckleerin nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon teknolojisi oldu\u011funu (at\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenlik risklerini es ge\u00e7erek) anlat\u0131p durdular (5). Onlar n\u00fckleer enerjiyi \u00f6v\u00fcp, \u201cn\u00fckleer R\u00f6nesans\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri 1970\u2019lerdeki gibi bir at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 bekleyedururken, piyasa mekanizmalar\u0131 bile onlar\u0131n aleyhine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve d\u00fcnyada \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir yenilenebilir enerji d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ya\u015fan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Pasifikte k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ada devleti olmak uzaktan kula\u011fa \u00e7ok ho\u015f geliyor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir adada, mutlu mesut ya\u015fayan, bal\u0131k tutan, beyaz kumsallarda hindistan cevizi s\u00fctlerini i\u00e7erken bir birlerine hik\u00e2yeler anlatan halklar hayal ediyordum ben, bu meseleleri okuyup \u00f6\u011frenmeden evvel. Ama kapitalizm ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu \u00fcretim-t\u00fcketime dayal\u0131 d\u00fczen sizi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzak k\u00f6\u015fesinde bile buluyor bir \u015fekilde (6). D\u00fcn n\u00fckleer bomba olarak, bug\u00fcn s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u015fiddetleri artm\u0131\u015f tayfunlar olarak, yar\u0131n da y\u00fckselen bir deniz olarak.<\/p>\n

Pasifik\u2019te yaln\u0131z bir ada olmak bile yetmiyor mutlu olmaya.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Notlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1)<\/strong>\u00a0ABD\u2019nin 28 \u015eubat \u2013 13 May\u0131s 1954 tarihleri aras\u0131nda G\u00fcney Pasifik\u2019teki Bikini Atol\u00fc\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi n\u00fckleer testlerin isimleri.\u00a0<\/em>
\n2)<\/strong>\u00a0D\u00fcnya\u2019da \u015fimdiye kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen t\u00fcm n\u00fckleer denemelerin detayl\u0131 bir listesi i\u00e7in:\u00a0Yang, X., North, R., Romney, C., & Richards, P. G. (2003). Worldwide nuclear explosions. International Geophysics Series, 81(B), 1595-1600.<\/a><\/em>
\nB\u00fct\u00fcn bu testleri D\u00fcnya haritas\u0131 \u00fczerinde g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in ise Washington Post\u2019un ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi animasyona bakabilirsiniz.\u00a0https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/graphics\/world\/nuclear-tests\/?utm_term=.e3fc174598bf<\/a><\/em>
\n3)<\/strong>\u00a0Tony de Brum hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f detayl\u0131 bir anma yaz\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in:\u00a0http:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2017\/08\/22\/tony-de-brum-marshallese-climate-anti-nuclear-crusader-dies-aged-72\/<\/a><\/em>
\n4)<\/strong>\u00a0N\u00fckleer enerji neden iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadelede etkin bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm de\u011fil, okumak i\u00e7in:\u00a0http:\/\/www.dont-nuke-the-climate.org\/<\/a><\/em>
\n5)<\/strong>\u00a0Sevgili P\u0131nar Ert\u00f6r bu konudaki ilk elden g\u00f6zlemlerini \u0130klim Postas\u0131\u2019na yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:\u00a0http:\/\/www.iklimpostasi.org\/2017\/11\/13\/nukleer-enerji-iklim-degisikligi-mucadelesinin-bir-parcasi-olabilir-mi\/<\/a><\/em>
\n6)<\/strong>\u00a0Bu noktada konusu a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken Jason W. Moore\u2019un ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz ay \u00e7evirisi Epos yay\u0131nlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cHayat\u0131n Dokusundaki Kapitalizm Sermaye Birikimi ve Ekoloji\u201d (Capitalism in the Web of Life: Ecology and the Accumulation of Capital) isimli kitab\u0131n\u0131 edinmenizi \u00f6neririm. Ayn\u0131 yazardan Ekoloji Kolektifi\u2019in \u00e7evirisini yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cUcuz Do\u011fan\u0131n Sonu\u201d ise buradan indirilebilir:<\/em>
\nhttp:\/\/ekolojikolektifi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/ucuz_doganin_sonu_jason_w_moore_eisbn_978-605-82832-6-8.pdf<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(Cem \u0130skender Ayd\u0131n \/ \u0130klim Adaleti) Atol diye bir yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekli duydunuz mu hi\u00e7? Mercan adas\u0131 da deniyor. Okyanus taban\u0131ndaki volkanik aktivite sonucunda, volkan\u0131n krater a\u011fz\u0131nda halka ya da yar\u0131m halka \u015feklinde olu\u015fan adac\u0131klar. 27 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan ve hen\u00fcz ge\u00e7en ay nihayete eren \u00f6\u011frencilik hayat\u0131mda co\u011frafya derslerine hep a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ilgili olmama ra\u011fmen, benim bu acayip …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4221,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[120,116,135],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4220"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4220"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4220\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4224,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4220\/revisions\/4224"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4220"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dokuzadabirdeniz.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}